Erwin Oberländer (born 19 March 1937) is a German historian and expert on Eastern European history.
He is Professor Emeritus of Eastern European History at the University of Mainz.
He is also a former President of the German Association of Historians of Eastern Europe, and was appointed by the Latvian government as a foreign member of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia, which was tasked with studying crimes against humanity in Latvia during the Soviet and Nazi occupations.