In 1894 he succeeded Jean Martin Charcot (1825–1893) as chair of neurology at the Faculty of Medicine; a position he held until his death in 1910.
During his career he worked with several famous physicians, including Joseph Babinski (1857–1932), Georges Marinesco (1863–1938) and Pierre Marie (1853–1940).
Radiologist Jean-Athanase Sicard (1872–1929) was a prominent student of his.
Raymond made contributions in research of syringomyelia, neurasthenia, poliomyelitis, tabes dorsalis and diseases of the cauda equina, to name a few.
He also investigated hemianesthesia, a condition involving semihemispheric loss of sensitivity due to lesions of the cerebral cortex.
With psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947) he performed studies on neurosis and psychosomatic disorders.