James Barron (September 15, 1768 – April 21, 1851) was an officer in the United States Navy.
He served in the Quasi-War and the Barbary Wars, during which he commanded a number of famous ships, including USS Essex and USS President.
As commander of the frigate USS Chesapeake, he was court-martialed for his actions in 1807, which led to the surrender of his ship to the British.
After criticism from some fellow officers, the resulting controversy led Barron to a duel with Stephen Decatur, one of the officers who presided over his court-martial.
Suspended from command, he pursued commercial interests in Europe during the War of 1812.
Barron finished his naval career on shore duty, becoming the Navy's senior officer in 1839.