Pavel Nikolayevich Rybnikov (????? ?????????? ????????, 6 December 1831, Moscow, Russian Empire, – 29 November 1885, Kalisz, Poland, then part of the Russian Empire) was a Russian ethnographer, folklorist and literary historian, credited with the discovery of the previously unknown culture of bylina and epos poetry of the Olonets and Arkhangelsk regions of North-European Russia.
He spent the second half of his like in Kalisz, where he was the vice-governor of the Kalisz Guberniya, and where he contributed to the development of local science and culture.