James Phinney Baxter (March 23, 1831– May 8, 1921) was an American politician, businessperson, historian, civic leader, and benefactor of Portland, Maine.
He was elected as mayor of Portland for six single-year terms between 1893 and 1905.
His personal library, containing over 100 leather-bound books of maps, portraits, engravings and personal letters, is available for reference at the Portland Public Library.