Johann Samuel Schröter (25 February 1735, Rastenberg – 24 March 1808, Buttstädt) was a German Protestant pastor since 1763, who was also a conchologist.
He studied natural sciences as well as theology at the University of Jena.
After finishing his studies he served as rector at the school in Dornburg.
In 1763 he became a pastor in Thangelstedt, and later on, a preacher in Weimar.
At the time of his death, he was superintendent and first preacher in Buttstädt.